What is metabolic syndrome?
The term “metabolic syndrome” describes a cluster of metabolic risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing heart disease, stroke and diabetes. Its exact cause is not known, but genetic factors, excess body fat — especially around the waist — and lack of exercise play a decisive part in its development.
How is it diagnosed?
The diagnosis is made when 3 of the 5 risk factors below are present:
| Risk factor | Women | Men |
|---|---|---|
| Waist circumference (abdominal fat) | > 88 cm | > 102 cm |
| HDL (“good”) cholesterol | < 50 mg/dl | < 40 mg/dl |
| Triglycerides | > 150 mg/dl | > 150 mg/dl |
| Blood pressure | ≥ 135/85 mmHg or antihypertensive treatment | ≥ 135/85 mmHg or antihypertensive treatment |
| Fasting glucose | > 110 mg/dl | > 110 mg/dl |
Having 3 or more of these factors is a sign that the body has insulin resistance. Insulin is an important hormone produced by the pancreas. Insulin resistance means that more insulin than normal is needed to keep blood glucose at normal levels.
Who is at risk?
One in five adults in the US has metabolic syndrome. The syndrome runs in families, and the chance of developing it increases with age. Those most at risk are people who lead a sedentary life and who:
- have recently put on weight around the waist
- have a family history of diabetes
- have high levels of lipids (fats) in the blood
- have high blood pressure
Most people with metabolic syndrome feel healthy and have no symptoms. Even so, they are at risk of developing serious conditions in the future, such as diabetes and coronary heart disease.
How is it treated?
Physical exercise and weight loss are the best way to start treatment. At the same time, risk factors such as high blood pressure and high blood sugar (hyperglycaemia) should be treated with medication.
If you think you have risk factors, talk to a specialist. An endocrinologist — a specialist in hormones and metabolism — can diagnose metabolic syndrome and recommend the right treatment and diet for you.
What does this mean for you?
If you find out that you have metabolic syndrome, this will help you both to deal with the problems that are already there and to take preventive action, changing your lifestyle to safeguard your future health.
Practising endocrinology since 1997 at her clinic in Chalandri, Athens. About the doctor
This article is for information only and does not replace a medical examination. For any health concern, please consult your doctor.